For nail holes and small dings: spackle and sand
Lightweight spackle in a tube ($5 at any hardware store), a putty knife, and 220-grit sandpaper. Push the spackle in slightly proud of the surface, let it dry, sand flush, prime, paint. 15 minutes total.
For holes up to 2": mesh tape or self-adhesive patch
Self-adhesive aluminum-mesh patches are the easy answer — stick over the hole, apply two coats of joint compound over it (sanded between), prime, paint. Mesh tape gives a stronger result but takes more skill.
For 2–6" holes: the California patch (best DIY technique)
Cut a 6-inch square of drywall, then snap off the back gypsum on three sides leaving a 1-inch paper flange. Cut a slightly smaller hole in the wall, slide the new piece in with the paper flange flat against the wall surface, tape and mud over the flange — no backer needed. Strong and invisible.
When DIY stops working
- Hole is over 6" in any direction
- Damage is on a ceiling (overhead work plus gravity makes this harder than people realize)
- Walls have texture (orange peel, knockdown, skim-smooth) — matching texture takes practice
- Wall has been water-damaged (you may have hidden mold)
- You can't paint-match (sun fade across the wall makes spot painting obvious)
